The mountain here signifies the kingdom of Israel, whereas the mountains and the hills later in the verse signify the kingdoms of the nations. In the restoration (Matt. 19:28; Acts 3:21) the nation of Israel will be the foremost among the nations.

Lit., out of; indicating the source of His instruction.

Heb. torah, frequently translated law. During the millennium, the thousand-year kingdom, the restored nation of Israel will be the priests in the earthly part of the kingdom (Isa. 61:6; Zech. 8:20-23), the kingdom of the Son of Man (Matt. 13:41; Rev. 11:15), and the overcoming believers in Christ will be the priests in the heavenly part (Rev. 20:6), the kingdom of the Father (Matt. 13:43). By this priesthood all the peoples of the nations will be taught and instructed. See note Zech. 8:20¹.

In the restoration Christ will be the unique ruler on earth. See note Isa. 32:1^1a.

The nations were rich not only in money but also in idols (vv. 8, 20). Idols and money go together. This is the reason that money is called mammon (Matt. 6:24; Luke 16:9, 11, 13). Because the nations trusted in idols, God judged them in order to humiliate them (vv. 9-22).

Because the nations were haughty, it was necessary for Jehovah to humiliate them, to bring them down, through judgment. God’s judgment on the haughty nations ushers in the God-man, Christ (Isa. 4:2, 5-6), issuing in the restoration of the nation of Israel (Isa. 4:3-6; 2:2-5), which brings in the kingdom and consummates in the new heaven and new earth (Isa. 65:17).

See note Joel 1:15^1a.

Typifying lofty persons, those who lift themselves up.

In figure signifying countries, nations, and kingdoms.

Or, images. The meaning of the Hebrew is uncertain.