Or, God; Heb. el.

Or, the gods; Heb. elohim.

Similar to Isa. 14:12-15, which identify Lucifer (who became Satan) with Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, vv. 12-19 of this chapter consider the king of Tyre a figure of Lucifer, giving further details concerning the origin of Satan. See notes in Isa. 14:12-15.

As God’s creature, Lucifer was full of wisdom and perfect in beauty, perfect in his ways from the day that he was created (v. 15a).

This is not the Eden in Gen. 2, which was on earth, but the Eden as the garden of God on the holy mountain in the heavenlies (v. 14; Isa. 14:13b).

Lucifer was covered with precious stones, indicating his dwelling place (Pember).

Or, beryl.

Or, turquoise.

In ancient times musical instruments such as tambourines and pipes were for kings (Dan. 3:5; 6:18). This indicates that before his rebellion Satan was a king, holding the highest position in the preadamic universe (cf. Luke 4:5-6 and note Luke 4:6¹; Jude 1:9 and note Jude 1:9³). Satan was the anointed cherub who covered the Ark (v. 14; Exo. 25:18-21), indicating that he was very close to God and bore God’s glory (Heb. 9:5), and might have been the high priest who served God and led the universal worship of God (Rev. 4:6-11). Thus, Satan was both a king and a priest (cf. Rev. 4:4 and note Rev. 4:4²). Because of Satan’s failure, these two positions have been given to the believers in Christ (1 Pet. 2:5, 9; Rev. 1:6; 5:10; 2:26-27; 3:21; 12:5; 20:6; 22:3, 5).

See note Ezek. 28:13⁵.

Not the Ark on earth but the Ark in heaven (Rev. 11:19).

See note Ezek. 28:13¹.

These might be the precious stones with the glory of God like burning fire seen by Moses, Aaron, and many others in Exo. 24:10, 17. This implies that as the anointed cherub, Satan was privileged to move in the realm where God’s glory was.

Cf. note Job 1:9¹.

The cause of Satan’s rebellion was pride (1 Tim. 3:6; cf. 1 Pet. 5:5-6). Concerning Satan’s rebellion, see notes on Isa. 14:13.

For God’s judgment on Satan’s rebellion, see note Isa. 14:15¹.

Referring to the heavens, which were profaned, defiled, by Satan in his rebellion against God (see note Col. 1:20⁵ and note Heb. 9:23¹).

Sidon was a pricking briar and a painful thorn to the house of Israel (v. 24). Tyre (see note Ezek. 26:2^1b) and Sidon are considered a pair, indicating that if the believers love the world and care for worldly riches, they will become briars and thorns that damage the church life, frustrating the growth of life in the church as God’s cultivated land (Matt. 13:22; 1 Cor. 3:9).