The Latin Vulgate translates, Lucifer. This refers to Satan, who, as the Daystar, son of the dawn, was one of the earliest angels (the sons of God — Job 38:7, cf. Job 1:6) created by God at the “dawn” of the universe. He was appointed by God to be the head of all the angels (Ezek. 28:14; Jude 1:9) and later became Satan, the adversary of God, after he rebelled against God (see note Isa. 14:131). Because of his rebellion, Lucifer as Satan was judged by God (vv. 12-15; Ezek. 28:16-19; Luke 10:18).
In vv. 12-15 Isaiah identifies Lucifer with Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon (v. 4), thus regarding Nebuchadnezzar as a figure of Satan, as one who was one with Satan (cf. Ezek. 28:12). This unveils Satan’s kingdom of darkness behind the nations (Eph. 6:12b; cf. Dan. 10:13, 20) and his oneness with the rulers of the nations.